Cell-coated supports

ABSTRACT

Devices and methods for enhancing the healing of wounds, especially chronic wounds (e.g., diabetic wounds), involving the use of keratinocytes and transformed cells are described. A cell-coated transplantable solid support (e.g., beads coated with keratinocytes and/or transformed cells), are placed in an enclosure. The enclosure, in turn, is placed in the wound for use as an interactive wound healing promoter.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/840,804, filed Apr. 16, 1997, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to tissue healing and regeneration and, more particularly, to methods and systems for wound healing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The primary goal in the treatment of wounds is to achieve wound closure. Open cutaneous wounds represent one major category of wounds and include bum wounds, neuropathic ulcers, pressure sores, venous stasis ulcers, and diabetic ulcers. Open cutaneous wounds routinely heal by a process which comprises six major components: i) inflammation, ii) fibroblast proliferation, iii) blood vessel proliferation, iv) connective tissue synthesis v) epithelialization, and vi) wound contraction. Wound healing is impaired when these components, either individually or as a whole, do not function properly. Numerous factors can affect wound healing, including malnutrition, infection, pharmacological agents (e.g., actinomycin and steroids), diabetes, and advanced age [see Hunt and Goodson in Current Surgical Diagnosis & Treatment (Way; Appleton & Lange), pp. 86-98 (1988)].

[0004] Wounds which do not readily heal can cause the subject considerable physical, emotional, and social distress as well as great financial expense [see, e.g, Richey et al., Annals of Plastic Surgery 23(2):159-165 (1989)]. Indeed, wounds that fail to heal properly and become infected may require excision of the affected tissue. A number of treatment modalities have been developed as scientists' basic understanding of wounds and wound healing mechanisms has progressed.

[0005] The most commonly used conventional modality to assist in wound healing involves the use of wound dressings. In the 1960s, a major breakthrough in wound care occurred when it was discovered that wound healing with a moist occlusive dressings was, generally speaking, more effective than the use of dry, non-occlusive dressings [Winter, Nature 193:293-94 (1962)]. Today, numerous types of dressings are routinely used, including films (e.g., polyurethane films), hydrocolloids (hydrophilic colloidal particles bound to polyurethane foam), hydrogels (cross-linked polymers containing about at least 60% water), foams (hydrophilic or hydrophobic), calcium alginates (nonwoven composites of fibers from calcium alginate), and cellophane (cellulose with a plasticizer) [Kannon and Garrett, Dermatol. Surg. 21:583-590 (1995); Davies, Burns 10:94 (1983)]. Unfortunately, certain types of wounds (e.g, diabetic ulcers, pressure sores) and the wounds of certain subjects (e.g., recipients of exogenous corticosteroids) do not heal in a timely manner (or at all) with the use of such dressings.

[0006] Several pharmacoutical modalities have also been utilized in an attempt to improve wound healing. For example, treatment regimens involving zinc sulfate have been utilized by some practitioners. However, the efficacy of these regimens has been primarily attributed to their reversal of the effects of sub-normal serum zinc levels (e.g, decreased host resistance and altered intracellular bactericidal activity) [Riley, Am. Fam. Physician 24:107 (1981)]. While other vitamin and mineral deficiencies have also been associated with decreased wound healing (e.g, deficiencies of vitamins A, C and D; and calcium, magnesium, copper, and iron), there is no strong evidence that increasing the serum levels of these substances above their normal levels actually enhances wound healing. Thus, except in very limited circumstances, the promotion of wound healing with these agents has met with little success.

[0007] What is needed is a safe, effective, and interactive means for enhancing the healing of chronic wounds. The means should be able to be used without regard to the type of wound or the nature of the patient population to which the subject belongs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention is directed at systems and methods for enhancing the healing of wounds, especially chronic wounds (e.g., diabetic wounds, pressure sores), involving the use of cultured cells. In some embodiments, the invention contemplates the use of cultured keratinocytes grown on a transplantable solid support. In other embodiments, the invention contemplates the use of transformed cells capable of secreting proteins beneficial in wound healing (e.g cytokines and growth factors grown on a transplantable solid support).

[0009] The present invention is not limited by the nature of the transplantable solid support; indeed, the present invention contemplates the use of any three-dimensional support or matrix to which cells will adhere, divide, and maintain their functional behaviors (e.g, heal wounds).

[0010] In some embodiments, the solid support comprises beads, and in further embodiments, the beads are macroporous. In the preferred embodiments, the solid support comprises polyethylene silica-coated beads. In particular embodiments, the beads are placed in an enclosure, compartment, bag, or similar barrier, said enclosure having pores, and the enclosure is then placed at the wound site for use as an interactive wound healing promoter. The present invention is not limited by the nature of the enclosure; however, in one embodiment, the pores are large enough to permit the cells from the beads to exit the enclosure into the wound, while in another embodiment, the pores are too small to permit cells from the beads to exit the enclosure, but large enough to permit cellular factors to exit the enclosure or wound fluid components to enter the enclosure. In certain embodiments, the enclosures are replaced every few days until the wound heals.

[0011] In additional embodiments, the enclosure comprises a mesh material, having pores. In certain embodiments, the mesh material comprises polyethylene. In one embodiment, the pores are large enough to permit the cells from the beads to exit the enclosure into the wound, while in another embodiment, the pores are too small to permit cells from the beads to exit the enclosure, but large enough to permit cellular factors (e.g., cytokines) to exit the enclosure or wound fluid components to enter the enclosure.

[0012] Moreover, in further embodiments, the enclosure comprises a biocompatible membrane. In additional embodiments, the enclosure comprises means for removing the enclosure from a wound. In particular embodiments, the removal means comprises a handle or string attached to the enclosure.

[0013] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a system for the treatment of wounds, comprising a) keratinocytes on a solid support; and b) an enclosure, the enclosure housing the solid support. While the present invention is not limited to the nature of the keratinocytes, in a preferred embodiment the keratinocytes are viable and growing.

[0014] In another embodiment, the present invention provides systems and methods for enhancing the healing of wounds involving the use of transformed cells. The transformed cells may be any secretory cell, transformed with a gene encoding a protein beneficial in wound healing (e.g. a cytokine or growth factor). More specifically, a system for the treatment of wounds is provided comprising a) transformed cells on a solid support; and b) an enclosure, the enclosure housing the solid support.

[0015] The present invention also contemplates a method for treating a wound, comprising a) providing: i) keratinocytes on a solid support, ii) an enclosure, and iii) a subject having a least one wound; b) placing the keratinocyte-containing solid support into the enclosure so as to produce a keratinocyte-containing enclosure; and c) positioning the keratinocyte-containing enclosure in the wound of the subject under conditions such that the healing of the wound is promoted. Additional embodiments further comprise, after step b) and prior to step c), sealing the enclosure to produce a sealed keratinocyte-containing enclosure. Finally, some embodiments further comprise step d), covering the wound containing the keratinocyte-containing enclosure with a dressing.

[0016] The present invention further provides a method for treating a wound comprising a) providing: i) transformed cells on a solid support, ii) an enclosure, and iii) a subject having at least one wound; b) placing the transformed cell-containing solid support into the enclosure so as to produce a transformed cell-containing enclosure; and c) positioning the transformed cell-containing enclosure in the wound of the subject under conditions such that the healing of the wound is promoted. Additional embodiments further comprise, after step b) and prior to step c), sealing the enclosure to produce a sealed transformed cell-containing enclosure. Finally, some embodiments further comprise step d), covering the wound containing the transformed cell-containing enclosure with a dressing.

DEFINITIONS

[0017] To facilitate understanding of the invention set forth in the disclosure that follows, a number of terms are defined below.

[0018] The term “wound” refers broadly to injuries to the skin and subcutaneous tissue initiated in different ways (e.g., pressure sores from extended bed rest and wounds induced by trauma) and with varying characteristics. Wounds may be classified into one of four grades depending on the depth of the wound: i) Grade I: wounds limited to the epithelium; ii) Grade II: wounds extending into the dermis; iii) Grade III: wounds extending into the subcutaneous tissue; and iv) Grade IV (or full-thickness wounds): wounds wherein bones are exposed (e.g., a bony pressure point such as the greater trochanter or the sacrum). The term “partial thickness wound” refers to wounds that encompass Grades I-III; examples of partial thickness wounds include burn wounds, pressure sores, venous stasis ulcers, and diabetic ulcers. The term “deep wound” is meant to include both Grade III and Grade IV wounds.

[0019] The term “chronic wound” refers to a wound that has not healed within 30 days.

[0020] The phrase “positioning the enclosure in the wound” is intended to mean contacting some part of the wound with the enclosure. “Containing” includes, but is not limited to, bringing the enclosure proximate to the wound so as to bring the cells in fluidic communication with the wound.

[0021] The phrases “promote wound healing,” “enhance wound healing,” and the like refer to either the induction of the formation of granulation tissue of wound contraction and/or the induction of epithelialization (i.e., the generation of new cells in the epithelium).

[0022] The phrase “wound fluid contents” refers to liquid associated with a wound, as well as cells, cell factors, ions, macromolecules and protein material suspended in such liquid at the wound site.

[0023] The term “keratinocyte” refers to cells that produce keratin, a scleroprotein or albuminoid. Generally speaking, keratinocytes are found in the epidermis or from cell lines derived from keratinocytes (e.g., bacterial derived products).

[0024] The term “subject” refers to both humans and animals.

[0025] The terms “enclosure,” “compartment,” and the like refer broadly to any container capable of confining a cell-coated solid support within a defined location while allowing cellular factors to exit the enclosure into the wound and wound fluid contents to enter. In preferred embodiments, the enclosure is a sterile mesh pouch constructed of a woven, medical-grade polyethylene mesh. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a degradable enclosure (i.e., an enclosure that breaks down over time). In addition, the present invention contemplates the use of an enclosure constructed from membranes. Preferably, after the solid support containing cells (e.g, growing on the surface of the surface of the solid support or within the solid support) is placed within the enclosure, the enclosure is sealed so as to prevent the solid support from exiting the enclosure. In one embodiment, the sealed enclosure further comprises a transport means for transporting cellular factors (e.g, outside of the enclosure and into the wound). While the present invention is not limited to a particular transport means, the transport means can include a means for applying pressure (e.g, a pump).

[0026] The term “solid support” refers broadly to any support that allows for cell growth, including, but not limited to, microcarrier beads, gels, and culture plate inserts. Microcarrier beads suitable for use with the present invention are commercially-available from a number of sources, including Sigma, Pharmacia, and ICN. In preferred embodiments, the keratinocytes are grown on polyethylene beads weighted by silica (e.g, CYTOLINE 1™ macroporous microcarrier beads (Pharmacia Biotech)). Culture plate inserts (i.e., cell support matrices that generally comprise a membrane that supports cell growth) are commercially available from, among other sources, Collaborative Biomedical Products, Costar, ICN, and Millipore. In preferred embodiments, the culture plate inserts comprise a permeable microporous membrane that allows free diffusion of ions and macromolecules.

[0027] The term “transplantable solid support” refers to a solid support containing cells (e.g. keratinocytes, referred to as a “keratinocyte-containing solid support”) that can be placed within an enclosure. The enclosure containing the cell-containing solid support may then be placed in a wound to promote wound healing.

[0028] The phrases “means for removing,” “removal means,” and the like refer broadly to any mechanism useful for assisting in the withdrawal of a cell-containing enclosure from a wound (and/or the placement of the cell-containing enclosure within a wound). In some embodiments, the removal means comprises a string, thread, cord, or the like that is attached to the enclosure; in preferred embodiments, the removal means is attached to a grasp that can be used as a handle to assist in the placement of the solid support-containing enclosure within the wound and its removal therefrom.

[0029] The term “dressing” refers broadly to any material applied to a wound for protection, absorbance, drainage, etc. Numerous types of dressings are commercially available, including films (e.g. polyurethane films), hydrocolloids (hydrophilic colloidal particles bound to polyurethane foam), hydrogels (cross-linked polymers containing about at least 60% water), foams (hydrophilic or hydrophobic), calcium alginates (nonwoven composites of fibers from calcium alginate), and cellophane (cellulose with a plasticizer) [Kannon and Garrett, Dermatol. Surg. 21:583-590 (1995); Davies, Burns 10:94 (1983)]. The present invention also contemplates the use of dressings impregnated with pharmacological compounds (e.g., antibiotics).

[0030] The term “biocompatible” means that there is minimal (i.e., no significant difference is seen compared to a control), if any, effect on the surroundings. For example, in some embodiments of the present invention, the enclosure comprises a biocompatible membrane; the membrane itself has a minimal effect on the cells of the solid support (i.e., it is non-toxic and compatible with keratinocyte growth) within the membrane and on the subject (i.e., it has no adverse impact on the subject's health or the rate of wound healing) after the enclosure is placed into a wound.

[0031] The term “extracellular matrix” refers broadly to material for supporting cell growth. It is not intended that the present invention be limited by the particular material; the present invention contemplates a wide variety of materials, including, but not limited to, material that is distributed throughout the body of multicellular organisms such as glycoproteins, proteoglycans and complex carbohydrates. The present invention contemplates the use of a substratum of extracellular matrix with the culture inserts on which the cells (e.g., keratinocytes) are plated. Although the present invention is not limited by the nature of the extracellular matrix, the preferred extracellular matrices include Matrigel, Growth Factor Reduced Matrigel, fibrillar collagen, lamininn, fibronectin and collagen type IV.

[0032] The term “transformed cell” refers to a cell that has been transfected with a gene so that the protein encoded by the gene is expressed within the cell. In a preferred embodiment, the cell is a secretory cell and the protein encoded by the gene is excreted from the cell. Examples of secretory cells include, without limitation, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, melanocytes, smooth muscle cells, fetal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. It will be appreciated that more than one cell type, i.e., combinations of cells, may be employed. Cell lines (as opposed to primary cultured cells) may also be employed.

[0033] It will be appreciated that a cell may be transfected with more than one gene so that more than one protein is expressed and excreted. Methods for producing transformed cells, i.e. transfection methods, are known by those skilled in the art and include, without limitation, the use of calcium phosphate coprecipitation, liposome-mediated transfection, plasmid and viral vector-mediated transfection and DNA protein complex-mediated transfection and biolistic (e.g., gene gun) transfection. Viral vector-mediated transfection includes, without limitation, the use of retroviral, replication-deficient retroviral, adenoviral and adeno-associated viral vectors. Thus, a gene encoding a protein of interest may be introduced into a cell where it is expressed and secreted from the cell. Examples of “proteins of interest” (and the genes encoding same) that may be employed herein include, without limitation, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, chemotactic peptides, tissue inhibitors of metallonproteinases, hormones, angiogenesis inhibitors, and apoptosis inhibitors. More specifically, preferred proteins include, without limitation, EGF, VEGF, FGF, PDGF, IGF, KGF, IFN-α, IFN-δ, MSH, TGF-α, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 [See also Table 1 and Myers et al. Am. J. Surgery, 170:75-83(1995)].

[0034] As referred to herein, the term “encoding” is intended to mean that the gene or nucleic acid may be transcribed in a cell, e.g., when the nucleic acid is linked to appropriate control sequences such as a promoter in a suitable vector (e.g., an expression vector) and the vector is introduced into a cell. Such control sequences are well known to those skilled in the art.

[0035] As defined herein “operatively-linked” means that the nucleic acid (i.e., gene encoding a protein of interest) and an expression control sequence are situated within a vector or cell in such a way that the protein of interest is expressed by a cell which has been transformed (transfected) with the ligated nucleic acid/expression control sequence.. Expression control sequences are known to those skilled in the art [See, e.g., Goeddel, Gene Therapy Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990)].

[0036] As used herein, the term “gene” means a nucleic acid which encodes a protein or functional fragment thereof. The term “nucleic acid” is intended to mean natural and synthetic linear and sequential arrays of nucleotides and nucleosides, e.g., in cDNA, genomic DNA (gDNA), mRNA, and RNA, oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and derivatives thereof. It will also be appreciated that such nucleic acids can be incorporated into other nucleic acid chains referred to as “vectors” by recombinant-DNA techniques such as cleavage and ligation procedures. The terms “fragment” and “segment” as used herein with reference to nucleic acids (e.g., cDNA, genomic DNA, i.e., gDNA), are used interchangeably to mean a portion of the subject nucleic acid such as constructed artificially (e.g. through chemical synthesis) or by cleaving a natural product into a multiplicity of pieces (e.g. with a nuclease or endonuclease to obtain restriction fragments). The term “polypeptide” is used to mean three or more amino acids linked in a serial array.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0037] The FIGURE diagrammatically depicts one embodiment of a “tea bag” contemplated for use with the cell-containing solid supports of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0038] The present invention relates generally to tissue healing and regeneration and, more particularly, to methods and systems for wound healing.

[0039] The invention involves the unique use of cultured cells to treat wounds, especially chronic wounds (e.g. diabetic wounds). In preferred embodiments, cultured cells grown on transplantable solid supports are placed in a permeable enclosure; the enclosure is then placed in a wound. The cultured cells may be keratinocytes and/or transformed cells. Though a precise understanding of how the cell-containing enclosure effects wound healing is not required in order to practice the present invention, it is believed that the cells in the enclosure secrete certain factors that enhance wound healing. The usefulness of the present invention has been demonstrated in athymic nude mice, an animal model routinely utilized in wound closure testing [See, e.g, Boyce et al., Surgery 110:866-76 (1991); Barbul et al., Surgery 105:764-69 (1989); and Hansbrough et al., J. Bum Care Rehabil. 14:485-94 (1993)].

[0040] It will be appreciated that the transformed cells of the present invention are not limited by the nature of the cells utilized nor by the genes employed to transform the cells. Examples of cells include, but are not limited to, the cells set forth in Table 1A. TABLE 1A CYTOKINE, GROWTH WOUND FACTOR, HEALING CELL TYPE TISSUE MADE/RESPONDS TO MATRIX INTERACTIONS POTENTIAL Fibroblast Dermis Viseral TGF-beta, PDGF, IGF, IL-1, Collagen type I, III, and IV, Fibroblast ⁺4 Organs FGF, CTGF Elastin, Fibronectin, nidogen, SPARC, Osteonectin, Protenglycons, glucosamino- glycons, collagenases, gelatinase, stromelysin, TIMP, Thrombospondin Endothelial Cell Blood Vessels FGF, VEGF, Endothelm, IGF, TIMP, GAG, Elastin, Laminin, Endothelial Cell ⁺4 IL-1 Collagenase, Type IV Collagens Fibronectin Melanocyte Dermis IL-1, MSH No ECM Production Melanocyte ⁺1 Smooth Muscle Blood Vessels PGDG, IGF, EGF, FGF TIMP, GAG, Elastin, Laminin, Fetal Fibroblast ⁺4 Cell Collagenase, Collagens, Fibronectin Epithelial Cell Dermis Mucosa FGF, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta TIMP, GAG, Elastin, Laminin, Epithelial Cell ⁺4 PDGF, IGF, IL-1, EFG, FGF, Collagenase, Collagen type IV, VI, KGF IFN-gamma VII, laminins, Fibronectin, TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, activin epiligrin, nidogen, elastin, tenascin, thrombospondin, GAGs, proteoglycons, EMMPRIN, SPARC, uPA, PAI, collagenase, gelatinase, stromelysin

I. Sources of Keratinocytes

[0041] The present invention is not limited by the source of the keratinocytes. In some preferred embodiments, the cells are obtained from living donors undergoing breast operations; prior to their use, the cells obtained from the donors are archived for at least six months, after which they are tested for the presence of viruses (e.g, hepatitis virus and HIV). In other preferred embodiments, the cells are cadaveric in origin. After the cells have been harvested from the cadaver, they are screened for viruses and other microbes prior to use.

[0042] Generally speaking, the keratinocytes contemplated for use with the present invention are primary cultured cells (i.e., the cells are not derived from cell lines) or are cells that have been transfected and developed into a keratinocyte derived cell line.

[0043] Example 1 in the Experimental section illustrates one embodiment of how keratinocytes may be isolated and processed for use with the present invention. However, it should be noted that the present invention is not limited to primary cultured cells.

[0044] Moreover, the present invention contemplates the use of cells that have similar characteristics to keratinocytes (e.g., cells that secrete growth factors, cytokines or keratin, whose behavior the cells utilize to promote wound healing). As described in detail herein, these cells may be derived from cells that are not keratinocytic in origin but have been modified by recombinant techniques, i.e. transformed cells.

II. Growth of Cells on Solid Supports

[0045] The cells contemplated for use with the present invention (e.g, keratinocytes and transformed cells) are grown on transplantable solid supports. The present invention contemplates the growth of cells on solid supports, including protein-coated solid surfaces, as has been described in the art. For example, Gilchrest et al. [Cell Bio Int. Rep. 4:1009(1980)] describe the growth of keratinocytes on fibronectin-coated plates in the absence of a 3T3 monolayer, while Schafer et al. [Exp. Cell. Res. 183:112(1989)] describe a study of keratinocytes on floating collagen gels. Furthermore, Cook and Buskirk [In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 31:132(1995)] describe the growth of keratinocytes on a variety of matrices, including microporous membranes coated with collagen.

[0046] The present invention is not limited by the nature of the solid support. Indeed, the methods of the present invention may be practiced in conjunction with any support that allows for cell growth, including, but not limited to, microcarrier beads, gels, and culture plate inserts. When microcarrier beads are desired, suitable beads are commercially-available from a number of sources; for example, Sigma sells both collagen- and gelatin-coated beads, Pharmacia sells dextran-based beads, and ICN advertises collagen beads. In preferred embodiments, the keratinocytes are grown on polyethylene beads weighted by silica (e.g. CYTOLINE 1™ macroporous microcarrier beads (Pharmacia Biotech)).

[0047] Furthermore, culture plate inserts (i.e, cell support matrices that generally comprise a membrane that supports cell growth) are commercially available from, among other sources, Collaborative Biomedical Products, Costar, ICN, and Millipore. Such inserts frequently comprise polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, TEFLON® (Gore), and mixed cellulose esters. In particular embodiments, the culture plate inserts comprise a permeable microporous membrane that allows free diffusion of ions and macromolecules.

[0048] As indicated above, the present invention contemplates the use of transplantable solid supports. More specifically, the present invention contemplates the application of keratinocyte-coated and transformed cell-coated solid supports, housed in an enclosure, to wounds. The use of cell-coated transplantable solid supports for application to wounds has been described in the art. For example, Hansbrough et al. [J. Am. Med. Assoc. 262:2125 (1989)] describe collagen-glycosaminoglycan membranes covered with keratinocytes for wound application. [See also, Cooper et al., J. Surg. Res. 48:528 (1990); Ronfard et al. Burns 17:181 (1991); Tinois et al., Exp. Cell Res. 193:310 (1991); and Nanchahal and Ward, Brit. J. Plas. Surg. 45:354 (1992)]. However, the enclosure of keratinocyte-coated solid supports and transformed cell-coated solid supports has not been reported.

[0049] Generally speaking, growth of keratinocytes and other “anchorage-dependent” cells requires attachment to a surface and spreading out in order to grow. Conventionally, such cells have been cultured on the walls of non-agitated vessels (e.g, tissue culture flasks) and roller bottles [U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,474 to Clapper et al., hereby incorporated by reference]. Though not limited by the manner in which the cells are grown on the solid supports, the present invention contemplates the use of these conventional techniques for growing cells on solid supports (see Example 1).

[0050] Other techniques for culturing solid support-bound cells are contemplated for use with the present invention. In some embodiments, the present invention contemplates the use of bioreactors for cell growth [See U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,069 to Palsson et al and U.S. Pat. No. 5.563,068 to Zhang et al, both hereby incorporated by reference]. Some bioreactors utilize hollow fiber systems. Frequently, bundles of parallel fibers are enclosed in an outer compartment; cells are grown on the outside surface of the fibers, while nutrient- and gas-enriched medium flows through the center of the hollow fibers, nourishing the cells [See, e.g, U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,474 to Clapper et al.].

[0051] In addition, bioreactors utilizing microcarriers (e.g., DEAE-derivatived dextran beads) can be used in conjunction with the present invention. In some embodiments, cell adhesion proteins like collagen, fibronectin, and laminin are used to anchor the cells to the solid support. Microcarriers may also incorporate an ionic charge to assist in cell attachment to the microcarrier. Frequently, the microcarriers are porous beads that are sufficiently large to allow cells to migrate and grow in the interior of the bead [See U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,474 to Clapper et al.].

[0052] In a particularly preferred embodiment, cells, are supported on a rigid support matrix (a semipermeable membrane) which allows for cell adherence and growth. The cells form a dense, three-dimensional array with large surface area which enhances modification of the fluid phase bathing the cells; the cell-populated matrix is constantly exposed to wound fluid components which diffuse into the reactor. The fluid can be modified and/or the cells can secrete mediators into the fluid to optimize the wound environment.

III. Enclosures

[0053] The present invention contemplates the placement of keratinocyte-coated beads and transformed cell-coated beads in an enclosure, which, in turn, is placed in a wound. In preferred embodiments, the enclosure is a sterile mesh pouch constructed of a woven, medical-grade polyethylene mesh. Though not limited to mesh materials manufactured by any particular company, Tetko, Inc. and Saati currently manufacture mesh materials suitable for use with the present invention. The enclosures of the present invention may be colored or otherwise marked so that they may be easily identified in a wound.

[0054] Of course, other suitable materials (e.g. nylon) may also be used and are within the scope of the present invention. Indeed, any material that exhibits biocompatiblity when placed within a wound may be used with present invention. In addition, the present invention contemplates the use of an enclosure constructed from membranes, including the membranes sold commercially by Gelman Sciences and Millipore.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment, the enclosures are assembled as pocket-like containers with four edges and two surfaces. These containers may be manufactured in one of several ways. For example, the enclosure may be created by welding (i. e., uniting to create a seal) two pieces of material (of approximately equal dimensions) together on three edges. The fourth edge is left open to allow filling of the enclosure with the cell-coated beads. The fourth edge is then sealed.

[0056] In an alternative embodiment, the enclosure may be manufactured from one piece of material by first folding that piece of material back onto itself. The region where the material overlaps itself may then be welded, resulting in the formation of a cylindrical tube. Thereafter, a pocket can be formed by welding closed one of the open ends of the cylinder, leaving the other end open for filling with the cell-coated beads; this enclosure design has the advantage of requiring one less weld.

[0057] The present invention is not limited to enclosures assembled as four-edged pockets nor is the invention limited to the techniques of constructing the enclosures disclosed above. For example, trapezoidal or circular enclosures may also be used in conjunction with the present invention.

[0058] For the assembly of the enclosures, the present invention contemplates the use of a variety of sealing techniques, including ultrasonic welding or heat welding. The technique of ultrasonic welding is well-known in the medical device-manufacturing art [See, e.g, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,576,715 and 5,269,917, hereby incorporated by reference]. The present invention is not limited to a particular welding/sealing technique; indeed, any suitable sealing technique may be used with the present invention, including but not limited to ultrasonic, radiofrequency, heat, and impulse sealing.

[0059] In those embodiments comprising a mesh enclosure, the present invention is not limited by the pore size of the mesh. However, it should be noted that extremely small pores may retard or preclude the movement of materials out of the enclosure. The preferred range of pore sizes is from about 10 microns to about 300 microns. Likewise, if a membrane is used, the membrane must be permeable to the extent that it allow the cell factors to cross the membrane into the wound.

[0060] In preferred embodiments, the solid support-containing enclosures of the present invention are configured like tea-bags (See, FIGURE). That is, one end of a handle (3) (e.g, a biocompatible nylon material or excess from a heat seal, wire, etc.) is attached to the enclosure (1) housing the solid support (4), while the other end of the string is attached to a grasp (2). The grasp (2) is used as a “handle” to assist in the placement of the solid support-containing enclosure within the wound and its removal therefrom. The present invention is not limited by the material used to construct the grasp; in preferred embodiments, the grasp (2) comprises a medical grade polyethylene material. Generally speaking, the grasp (2) is taped to the subject's skin at a site external to the wound. The solid support (4) has cells (e.g, keratinocytes) attached; it is preferred that such cells are viable.

IV. TRANSFER OF CELL FACTORS

[0061] Following placement of the enclosure within the wound, the cell factors including proteins of interest (e.g, growth factors like epidermal growth factor, cytokines, PGDF, insulin like growth factor, TGF-beta, keratinocyte growth factor cytokine, TNF, chemokines, chemotactic peptides, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, etc.) secreted from the cells (e.g., keratinocytes and transformed cells) pass through the enclosure and into the wound. The inventors of the present invention have found that it is not necessary for the cells to be in direct contact with the wound. Though an understanding of why such indirect contact is sufficient for wound healing is not required in order to practice the present invention, it is believed that the donor cells (i.e., those contained within the enclosure) create a favorable environment for growth of the keratinocytes present in the wound of the subject. Thus, the keratinocytes from the healed wound site are thought to be of recipient, rather than donor, origin [See Van der Merve et al., Burns 16:193 (1990)]. In addition, the cells may actively modify wound fluid characteristics or components (e.g., modulating protolytic activity to optimize the wound environment).

[0062] The inventors of the present invention discovered empirically that placement of cell-coated solid supports within the enclosures (described above) resulted in good size reduction of deep wounds; in comparison, researchers previously reported less than ideal healing in deeper wounds [Van der Merve et al., Burns 16:193 (1990)] when other techniques were used.

[0063] The inventors have found that the use of the present invention in conjunction with standard wound dressing materials does not adversely affect the ability to modify the wound environment. For example, after placing the keratinocyte-containing enclosures or transformed cell-containing enclosures within a wound, the enclosure can itself be covered with occlusive dressings such as hydrogels, foams, calcium alginates, hydrocolloids, and films. Example 2 of the Experimental section addresses an embodiment wherein a keratinocyte-containing enclosure is covered by a wound dressing.

Experimental

[0064] The following examples serve to illustrate certain preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof.

[0065] In the experimental disclosure which follows, the following abbreviations apply: M (Molar); mM (millimolar); iM (micromolar); g (grams); mg (milligrams); ig (micrograms); kg (kilograms); L (liters); mL (milliliters); dL (deciliters); iL (microliters); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters); im (micrometers); nm (nanometers); h and hr (hours); min. (minutes); s and sec. (seconds); FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration); AET, Inc. (Middletown, Del.); Abbott (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Ill.); American International Electric Co. (Santa Fe Springs, Calif.); Collaborative Biomedical Products (Bedford, Mass.); Gelman Sciences (Ann Arbor, Mich.); ICN (ICN Biomedicals, Inc., Costa Mesa, Calif.); Jackson Labs (Bar Harbor, Me.); Labelon Corp. (Canadaigua, N.Y.); Labline (Melrose Park, Ill.); Mallinckrodt Veterinary (St Louis, Mo.); Millipore (Millford, Mass.); Pharmacia Biotech (Uppsala, Sweden); Richard-Allen, Inc. (Richland, Mich.); Saati (Stamford, Conn.); Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.); Tetko, Inc. (Depew, N.Y.); 3M Healthcare (St. Paul, Minn.); and Thunderware (Orinda, Calif.).

EXAMPLE 1

[0066] The experiments of this example demonstrate that human culture keratinocytes grown on macroporous microcarriers and contained in a porous enclosure improve healing in surgically created wounds in mice.

[0067] A. Experimental Methodology

[0068] Preparation Of Human Keratinocytes Isolation and Growing of Human keratinocytes

[0069] Human keratinocytes (AATB certified; University of Michigan cultured keratinocyte program) were isolated at The University of Michigan Burn/Trauma Unit from split thickness skin.

[0070] Trypsinization of the split thickness skin was effected as follows. The skin was placed dermis-side down in 150 mm Petri dishes. The pieces were cut into smaller pieces (about 2 cm×about 0.3 cm) and were soaked in a sterile solution of 30 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 3 mM KCl, 130 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na2HPO4 buffer, pH 7.4 containing 50 units of Penicillin and 50 ig Streptomycin (Sigma, P-906). After soaking for 1-2 hr at 4° C. the buffer was aspirated off, and 0.09% trypsin (Sigma, Type IX) in a Penicillin and Streptomycin buffer was added to the dishes containing the skin tissue.

[0071] After trypsinizing overnight at room temperature, the enzyme solution was aspirated off, and complete MCDB 153 medium containing trypsin inhibitor was added to the skin pieces. Complete MCDB 153 medium was made by supplementing basic MCDB 153 medium, prepared as described by Boyce and Ham [“Normal human epidermal keratinocytes,” In In Vitro Models for Cancer Research (Weber and Sekely, eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., pp. 245-274 (1985)], with 0.6 iM (0.218 ig/mL) hydrocortisone, 5 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, 5 ig/mL insulin, 6% bovine pituitary extract, and 0.15 mM CaCl2.

[0072] The dermis was separated from the epidermis, and the epidermal basal cells were gently scraped off both segments of the skin. The cell suspension was pooled into 50 mL conical centrifugation tubes, gently centrifuged at room temperature, and resuspended in 50 mL of complete medium plus 2% chelated serum.

[0073] The cells were counted using a hemacytometer, and 20×10⁶ cells were plated into a T-75 Corning Plastic flasks and grown at 37° C. with 5% CO2 gassing, using a humidified incubator. After 3 days, the used growth medium was removed and complete MCDB 153 without serum was added. The cells were fed every other day.

[0074] The cells were passaged during log phase of growth. Thereafter, the cells were trypsinized using 0.025% trypsin (type IX) plus 0.01% EDTA in the HEPES buffer. The monolayers were washed with the buffer twice, then 2-3 mL of freshly-made enzyme solution (or frozen aliquot) were added. After 1 min. at 37° C., the enzyme solution was gently aspirated off, and the cells were placed in flasks at 37° C. for 2-3 min. until the cell sheets came off the bottom with gentle tapping of the flask. The media was neutralized with 1- mL of MCDB 153 medium plus 0.03% trypsin inhibitor (Sigma). The cells were counted, centrifuged, and plated 0.5 to 1.0×10⁶ cells per T-75 flask. Cells were passaged 3 to 4 times.

CYTOLINE 1™ Bead Wash

[0075] Five grams of CYTOLINE 1™ macroporous microcarrier beads (Pharmacia Biotech) were autoclaved for 10 min. in 40 mL Milli Q water (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Following the autoclaving procedures, the beads were cooled and the water was aspirated. The beads were resuspended in 40 mL Milli Q water, and were then agitated at moderate speed on a Labline orbital shaker for 10 min. The water was again aspirated, and a final washing with 40 mL Milli Q water was performed.

[0076] The beads were transferred into a 50 mL conical culture tube, the water was aspirated, and 30 mL 0.1N NaOH were added. The beads were incubated at room temperature overnight. The NaOH solution was aspirated off the beads, and the beads were resuspended in 50 mL Milli Q water. The aliquot was transferred to a 125 Erlenmeyer flask and shaken at moderate speed for ten minutes. The Milli Q water was aspirated off the beads, and the beads were resuspended in Milli Q water; this aspiration/resuspension procedure was repeated a total of five times. The pH was neutral (i.e., less than 8), as measured with pH paper.

[0077] The beads were aspirated and resuspended in 40 mL PBS without Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, and autoclaved 30 min. at 121° C.

Growth of Keratinocytes on CYTOLINE 1™ Beads

[0078] A slurry containing 25 mL of PBS solution and 5 g of beads was autoclaved as described above. The PBS was decanted, and 50 mL of MCDB 153 complete medium was added to the beads. The cells were conditioned in the medium at 37° C. with 5% CO2 gas for 24 hours.

[0079] The medium was decanted, and the beads were transferred into a separate 50 mL sterile centrifuge tube. Ten-to-15 mL of medium were added, and the suspension was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 3 min. The medium was again decanted, and 30×10⁶ breast (from a living donor passage 1, never frozen) were added. After gently agitating the cells with the beads for 5 minutes, the cells and beads were poured into a 250 mL glass roller bottle and 50 mL of medium was added; this was performed using a fermentor-agitated growth system.

[0080] As a toxicity assay, 5 mL of cells and beads were removed from the glass roller bottle and grown in a T-25 flask to determine the growth of the cells on the plastic bottom of the flask in the presence of the beads. The roller bottle was incubated overnight at 37° C., after which 100 mL additional medium was added to the roller bottle and the rotation of the roller bottle was initiated (rotation rate=one turn/15 sec.). To feed the cells, an aliquot of medium was removed and replaced by fresh medium, adjusted to the correct pH with CO₂ gassing. The cells were fed every 48 hours.

Experimental Design

[0081] An eight-day animal trial was conducted with two groups of ten animals each. The wound dressings (see below) were changed every other day starting on day 0. Wound area measurements and photographs were obtained at days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.

[0082] All surgical procedures were performed under sterile conditions inside a laminar flow hood. Five-week old, male Nu/J mice (Jackson Labs) were used. Nu/J mice contain a recessive mutation found on chromosome 11 and are athymic (T-cell deficient). The mice have a reduced lymphocyte count comprised almost entirely of B-cells, a normal IgM response to thymus-independent antigens, a poor response to thymus antigens, increased macrophage and NK cell activity, and increased susceptibility to infection. Nu/J mice do not reject allogeneic and xenogeneic skin and tumor grafts.

[0083] The mice were anesthetized with metofane (Mallinckrodt Veterinary) and prepped with ethanol. Using fine surgical scissors, a full thickness surgical wound approximately 80 mm2 in area was created on the backs of the mice (the depth of the wound could be measure through the paniculus carnosis, but mouse skin is so thin so it was not used as an indicator here). The wound dressings (see below) were secured to the cephalad end of the wound with a surgical staple. Thereafter, each mouse was returned to its biohazard containment cage.

[0084] On days 2, 4, 6 and 8, the animals were returned to the laminar flow hood for removal of the staple and replacement of the bag. The animals were lightly restrained while area and photographic measurements were obtained (described below). The dressing was replaced and secured; all dressing changes were performed using sterile technique without general anesthesia.

Wound Dressing

[0085] The wounds were dressed either with human cultured keratinocytes grown on beads (keratinocytes/beads) in a DELNET™ bag (P530 Natural; AET, Inc.) or a DELNET™ bag alone (P530 Natural; AET, Inc.); the DELNET™ bags were approximately square (about 23 mm×25 mm). The seams of the bags were prepared with an Impulse heat sealing unit (American International Electric Co.). Prior to application on the mice, the DELNET™ bags were gas sterilized with ethylene oxide and placed in a sterile package. A BANDAID™ (3M Healthcare) covered the DELNET™ bags and was secured with surgical staples (Richard-Allen, Inc). The bag and the bandaid were stapled to the mouse.

[0086] The bag and bead assembly was performed in a tissue culture hood. Inside a laminar flow hood, the keratinocytes/bead suspension was transferred to the DELNET™ bag with a glass pipet. Approximately 250 pL of the keratinocyte/bead suspension was placed in the bag. After the beads were loaded into the bag, the final seam was made with a surgical needle holder heated in a glass bead sterilizer. The DELNET™ bag containing the keratinocytes/bead suspension is referred to as “beads/bag,” while the DELNET™ bag without the beads is referred to as “bag.” The bags and beads/bags were placed in the complete MCDB 153 medium described above after they were loaded and heat sealed.

Measurement of Wound Area

[0087] Total area of mouse wounds was performed as previously described [Schwarz et al., Wound Repair and Regeneration 3:204-212 (1995)]. Briefly, the area of the wound was traced on transparency film (Apollo, Ronkonkoma, N.Y.) with a fine marker. The transparency film was photocopied onto plain paper and subsequently scanned using a Hewlett Packard Scan Jet 4C flat bed scanner. Tissue area was calculated with non-rectangular area analysis used by NIH Image PC (Scion), and the data was expressed as millimeters squared. Mean and standard deviation were calculated using Statworks software (a statistically significant difference was p<0.05).

[0088] B. Experimental Results

[0089] Table 2 presents wound tissue area (mm²) at baseline (day 0) and at days 2, 4, 6, and 8 for each mouse which received bags containing keratinocyte-coated beads (beads/bags); the reduction in size of the wound as a percentage of the original wound size for each mouse is also set forth. Analogous data for the mice that received bags alone is presented in Table 3.

[0090] Table 4 presents the cumulative data for i) the beads/bags mice and ii) the bags only mice. TABLE 1 Cells/Beads only mouse 1 mouse 2 mouse 3 mouse 4 mouse 5 Day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 72.33 68 128 113.33 113.33 3 84.44 0 63.56 7 105.78 17 65.44 42 65.44 0 6 63.89 12 42.67 37 88 31 54 52 54 39 9 17.33 76 13 81 31.78 75 18 84 18 56 12 24.89 66 6 91 17.78 86 10 91 10 89 15 3.89 95 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 Cells/Beads with Tegaderm ID mouse 6 mouse 7 mouse 8 mouse 9 mouse 10 (day) mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 109.56 108.63 78 99.56 120 3 159 0 145 0 156.44 0 177.22 0 133.78 0 6 122.67 0 116 0 77 1 136.89 0 107.56 10 9 38.89 65 39.11 64 45 42 80 20 35 71 12 36.67 67 32.11 70 8 90 20.44 79 0 100 15 7.78 93 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 TET “on” Cells/Beads ID mouse 11 mouse 12 mouse 13 mouse 14 mouse 15 (day) mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 66.58 159.18 95.66 70.89 61.11 3 114.41 0 172.58 0 75 22 86.33 0 52.78 14 6 81.38 0 94.9 40 65.43 32 46.22 35 48.89 20 9 15.31 77 47.7 70 19.64 79 20.78 71 43.44 29 12 0 100 23.85 85 3.83 96 10.67 85 3.33 95 15 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 TET “on” Cells/Beads with Tegaderm ID mouse 16 mouse 17 mouse 18 mouse 19 mouse 20 (day) mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 68.88 89.29 134.44 64.44 106.78 3 26.79 61 30.61 66 26.53 80 17.11 73 22.44 79 6 11.48 83 31.51 65 12.5 91 7.78 88 3.89 96 9 2.68 96 died 6.25 95 0 100 0 100 12 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 15 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100

[0091] TABLE 2 Day 0 size (mm²) cells/bag mean 106.1 SD 35.3 cells/bag tegaderm mean 103.1 SD 15.8 tet cells/bag mean 90.7 SD 40.5 tet cells/bag tegaderm mean 92.7 SD 28.8 Day 3 Day 6 Day 9 Day 12 Day 15 with with with with with % smaller bead/bag tegaderm bead/bag tegaderm bead/bag tegaderm bead/bag tegaderm bead/bag tegaderm TET OFF mean 13.2 0 34.2 2.2 74.4 52.4 84.6 81.2 99 98.6 Std Dev 17.5 0 14.5 4.3 10.9 21.1 10.5 13.8 2.2 3.1 significance p < 0.002 p <0.07 TET ON mean 7.2 70 25.4 84.6 65.2 97.8 92.2 100 100 100 Std Dev 10.2 7.2 15.9 11.9 20.5 2.6 6.8 0 0 0 significance p < 0.000 p < 0.000 p < 0.02 p < 0.05

[0092] TABLE 3 well OD Sample Factor EGF TET ID value Result Volume (200 uL TV) (pg/mL) Sample ID status Sept 26 Day 1 A 1 −0.004 0 25 6 off A 2 −0.005 0 40 7 A 3 −0.005 0 30 8 A 4 −0.006 0 25 9 A 5 −0.004 0 25 10 A 6 −0.003 0 5 16 ON A 7 −0.002 0 20 17 A 8 0.003 15.18 25 8 121.44 18 A 9 0.001 11.24 50 4 44.96 19 A 10 0.005 19.03 50 4 76.12 20 Sept 29 Day 4 A 11 0 9.23 50 4 36.92 6 off A 12 −0.003 0 20 7 B 1 −0.008 0 30 8 B 2 0.405 1081.45 20 10 10814.5 17 ON B 3 0.057 112.87 20 10 1128.7 18 B 4 0.19 380.92 20 10 3809.2 19 B 5 0.167 329.18 20 10 3291.8 20 Oct 18 Day 1 B 6 −0.005 0 50 1 off B 7 −0.004 0 100 2 B 8 −0.005 0 100 3 B 9 −0.005 0 10 4 B 10 −0.003 0 100 5 B 11 0.039 80.62 90 2.2 177.36 11 ON B 12 0.203 411.48 200 0 411.48 12 C 1 0.066 129.18 100 2 258.36 13 C 2 0.384 987.3 200 0 987.3 14 C 3 0.048 96.7 200 0 96.7 15 Oct 20 Day 3 C 4 −0.005 0 200 2 off C 5 −0.002 0 200 4 C 6 −0.002 0 50 11 ON C 7 0.059 116.488 200 0 116.48 12 C 8 0.082 158.59 200 0 158.59 13 C 9 0.088 169.79 200 0 169.79 14 C 10 0.026 57.42 200 0 57.42 15

[0093] TABLE 4 Wound Measurements EGF Measurements Sept 25 Day 0 Sept 26 Day 1 Wound size TET Off TET On EGF (pg/mL) Mouse TET status mean 103.1 92.7 0 7 off SD 15.8 28.8 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 16 ON 0 17 121.44 18 44.96 19 76.12 20 Sept 28 Day 3 Sept 29 Day 4 % smaller TET Off TET On EGF (pg/mL) Mouse TET status mean 0 70 36.92 6 off SD 0 7.2 0 7 0 8 10814.5 17 On 1128.7 18 3809.2 19 3291.8 20 Oct 1 Day 6 % smaller TET Off TET On mean 2.2 84.6 SD 4.3 11.9

[0094] As indicated by the data in Tables 2-4, the beads/bags showed a statistically significant difference in wound healing (i.e., a reduction in wound area) at day 2 compared to the bags alone (see Table 4, p<0.027). At day 4, the beads/bag (Table 2) treated mouse wounds had a significant reduction in wound area compared to the mouse wounds in the bags alone (Table 3), as indicated by the significance level (p<0.008) in Table 4. At day 6, there was no significant difference in wound healing between the two groups (see Table 3, p<0.16). However, at day 8, there was again a statistically significant reduction in the wound area in the beads/bag group (Table 2) compared to the bags alone group (Table 3) (see Table 4, p<0.05).

[0095] The experiments of this example show that cultured human keratinocytes grown on a macroporous microcarriers (beads/bag) promote wound healing. The mouse model used is predicative that human keratinocytes grown on a macroporous microcarriers contained in bags will enhance wound healing in humans.

EXAMPLE 2

[0096] The experiments of this example demonstrate that human culture keratinocytes grown on macroporous microcarriers and contained in a porous enclosure that is then covered with a wound dressing material improve healing in surgically created wounds in mice.

[0097] A. Experimental Methodology

[0098] The experiments of this example were performed as described in Example 1, with the following exceptions. The group of mice that received the keratinocyte-coated CYTOLiNE 1™ macroporous microcarrier beads (Pharmacia Biotech) (i.e., the beads/bags group) comprised five animals, while the group that received only the bags (i.e., the bags only group) comprised four animals. (They are labeled 2 to 5 because Mouse 1 expired during anesthesia.) In this example the bags from both the beads/bags group and the bags only group were covered with a polyurethane film dressing (TEGADERM™, 3M Health Care, St. Paul, Minn.) with a cellophane product.

[0099] More specifically, the wounds were dressed either with human cultured keratinocytes grown on beads (keratinocytes/beads) in a DELNET™ bag (P530 Natural; AET, Inc.) or a DELNET™ bag alone (PS30 Natural; AET, Inc.). Thereafter, the bags were covered with a TEGADERM™ dressing which, in turn, was covered with a BANDAID™ (3M Healthcare). The bags were stapled to the mouse.

[0100] B. Experimental Results

[0101] Table 5 presents wound tissue area (mm²) at baseline (day 0) and at days 2, 4, 6, and 8 for each mouse which received bags containing keratinocyte-coated beads (beads/bags); the reduction in size of the wound as a percentage of the original wound size for each mouse is also set forth. Analogous data for the mice that received bags alone is presented in Table 6.

[0102] Table 7 presents the cumulative data for i) the beads/bags mice and ii) the bags only mice. TABLE 5 cells with Elof bags mouse 1 mouse 2 mouse 3 mouse 4 mouse 5 day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 109.78 120.56 124.67 114.67 134.44 2 106.33 3.14 130 0.00 146.67 0.00 119.39 0.00 130.1 3.23 4 123.33 0.00 112.78 6.45 154 0.00 110.2 3.90 106.76 20.59 6 71.56 34.82 63.56 47.28 130.89 0.00 88.78 22.58 130.48 2.95 8 65.44 40.39 48 60.19 48.89 60.78 36.73 67.97 70.41 47.63 10 53.67 51.11 40 66.82 38 69.52 18.37 83.98 12.5 90.70 12 41.56 62.14 23.33 80.65 8 93.58 16.58 85.54 8.93 93.36 cells with plastic wrap mouse 6 mouse 7 mouse 8 mouse 9 mouse 10 day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 112.37 121.28 149.82 109.63 123.17 2 119.86 0 83.23 31.37 147.44 1.59 127.83 0 127.27 0 4 83.23 25.93 73.84 39.12 91.32 39.05 138.48 0 86.77 29.55 6 89.89 20.01 52.32 56.86 84.78 43.41 85.44 22.07 115.85 5.94 8 34.24 69.53 18.31 84.90 32.34 78.41 47.94 56.27 31.07 74.77 10 17.12 84.76 15.7 87.05 18.31 87.78 26.63 75.71 11.65 90.54 12 15.22 86.46 9.51 92.16 0 100 0 100 0 100 TET on cells with Elof bags mouse 11 mouse 12 mouse 13 mouse 14 mouse 15 day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 124.14 107.02 143.76 62.78 90.25 2 108.2 12.84 119.86 0.00 93.1 35.24 86.21 0 113.2 0 4 20.33 83.62 19.62 81.67 49.23 65.76 65.64 0 27.82 69.17 6 11.89 90.42 0 100 0 100 21.4 65.91 0 100 8 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 10 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 12 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 TET on cells with plastic wrap mouse 16 mouse 17 mouse 18 mouse 19 mouse 20 day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 110 148 117.11 139.33 152.11 2 138 0 124.67 15.76 105.78 9.67 122.67 11.96 138.67 8.84 4 72 34.55 44.44 69.97 101.33 13.47 80 42.58 84.33 44.56 6 0 100 13.33 90.99 11.56 90.13 19 86.36 31.11 79.55 8 0 100 5.33 96.40 6.22 94.69 0 100 19.56 87.14 10 0 100 3.33 97.75 5.44 95.35 0 100 39 74.36 12 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 10 93.43

[0103] TABLE 6 Day 2 Day 4 Day 6 Day 8 Day 10 Day 12 TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET % smaller Off On Off On Off On Off On Off On Off On Cells with Elof's bag mean 1.2 9.6 6.1 60 21.52 91.2 55.3 100 72.4 100 83 100 Std Dev 1.7 15.3 8.5 34.4 20.3 14.7 11.1 0 15.5 0 12.9 0 significance p = 0.004 p < 0.001 p = 0.014 p = 0.010 p = 0.008 Cells with Plastic Wrap mean 6.5 9.2 26.7 41 29.6 89.4 72.7 77.6 85.1 93.4 95.7 98.6 Std Dev 13.8 5.8 16 20.3 20.2 7.4 10.7 38 5.6 10.8 6.1 2.9 significance p < 0.001 Day 0 size (mm²) cells with Elof bag mean 120.8 SD 9.4 cells with plastic wrap mean 123.2 SD 15.9 TET ON with Elof bag mean 105.5 SD 31.1 TET ON with plastic wrap mean 133.3 SD 18.7

[0104] TABLE 7 Wound Measurements EGF Measurements Oct 17 Day 0 Oct 18 Day 1 Wound Size TET Off TET On EGF (pg/mL) Mouse TET status mean 120.8 105.5 0 1 Off SD 9.4 31.1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 177.36 11 ON 411.48 12 258.36 13 987.3 14 96.7 15 Oct 19 Day 2 Oct 20 Day 3 % smaller TET Off TET On EGF (pg/mL) Mouse TET status mean 1.2 9.6 0 2 off Std Dev 1.7 15.3 0 4 0 11 ON 116.48 12 158.59 13 169.79 14 57.42 15 Oct 21 Day 4 % smaller TET Off TET On mean 6.1 60 Std Dev 8.5 34.4

[0105] As indicated by the data in Tables 5-7, the beads/bags demonstrated a statistically significant difference in wound healing (i.e., a reduction in wound area) at day 4 compared to the bags alone (See Table 7, p<0.026). The statistically significant difference in wound healing between the two groups was maintained on days 6 and 8 (p<0.010 and p<0.030, respectively).

[0106] Comparison of the data in Table 7 to that in Table 4 (Example 1) indicates that the wound dressings without TEGADERM™ begin to contract earlier than those with TEGADERM™. More specifically, the wounds of the beads/bags animals treated without TEGADERM™ were 12.7% smaller by day 2 and 33.9% smaller by day 4, while the wounds of the beads/bags animals treated with TEGADERM™ were 2.2% and 18.8% smaller on the same days. However, the size of the wounds of the beads/bags animals treated with TEGADERM™ became smaller than those treated without TEGADERM™ on days 6 and 8. While an understanding of the mechanism for this effect is not required in order to practice the present invention, it is believed to be due, in part, to the ability of the TEGADERM™ to keep the wounds moist.

[0107] The experiments of this example indicate that the systems and methods of the present invention can be practiced in combination with conventional wound healing means and procedures.

EXAMPLE 3

[0108] The experiments of this example demonstrate that a tetr-expressing cell line transfected with hEFG and grown on macroporous microcarriers and contained in a porous enclosure, improves healing in surgically created wounds in mice.

[0109] A. Experimental Methodology

[0110] Cells

[0111] Osteosarcoma line U2OS were grown and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The tetR-expressing cell line, U2CEP4R-11, was cotransfected with pcDNA3, pcmvtetOEGF and EcoRI-linearized pcmvtetOEGF to establish cell lines that expressed tetR and hEGF. Medium containing hygromycin B and G418 was used to select cells resistant to hygromycin B. The hEGF-expressing cell lines were determined by analysis of hEGF expression in the presence or absence of tetracycline. [Yao et al., Human Gene Therapy, In Press]

CYTOLINE 1198 Bead Wash

[0112] Five grams of CYTOLINE 1™ macroporous microcarrier beads (Pharmacia Biotech) were autoclaved for 10 minutes in 40 mL Milli Q water (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) in a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Following the autoclaving procedure, the beads were cooled and the water was aspirated. The beads were re-suspended in 40 mL Milli Q water, and were agitated at moderate speed on a Labline orbital shaker for 10 minutes. The water was again aspirated, and a final washing with 40 mL Milli Q water was performed.

[0113] The beads were transferred into a 50 mL conical culture tube, the water was aspirated, and 30 mL 0.1N NaOH was added. The beads were incubated at room temperature overnight. The NaOH was aspirated off the beads, and the beads were resuspended in 50 mL Milli Q water. The aliquot was transferred to a 125 Erlenmeyer flask and shaken at moderate speed for ten minutes. The Milli Q water was aspirated off the beads, and the beads were resuspended in Milli Q water; this aspiration/resuspension procedure was repeated a total of five times. The pH was checked until neutral (i.e., less that 8), as measured with pH paper.

[0114] The beads were aspirated and resuspended in 40 mL PBS without Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, and autoclaved 30 minutes at 121° C.

Growth of U2OS cell line on CYTOLINE 1™ Beads

[0115] A slurry containing 10 mL of PBS solution and 5 grams of beads (contained in a 50 mL sterile conical centrifuge tube) was autoclaved as described above. The PBS was decanted, and 50 mL of DMEM medium was added to the beads. The cells were conditioned in the medium at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ gas for 48 hours.

[0116] The medium was decanted, and the beads were transferred into a separate 50 mL sterile centrifuge tube. Ten-to-15 mL of medium was added, and the suspension was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 3 minutes. The medium was again decanted, and 30×10⁶ U20S transfected cells were added. After gently agitating for 5 minutes, the cells and beads were poured into a 250 mL glass roller bottle and 50 mL of medium was added; this was performed using a fermentor-agitated growth system.

[0117] As a toxicity assay, 5 mL of cells and beads were removed from the glass roller bottle and grown in a T-25 flask to determine the growth of the cells on the plastic bottom of the flask in the presence of the beads. The roller bottle was incubated overnight at 37° C., after which 100 mL additional medium was added to the roller bottle and the rotation of the roller bottle was initiated (rotation rate=one turn/15 seconds).

[0118] To feed the cells, an aliquot of medium was removed and replaced by fresh medium, adjusted to the correct pH with CO₂ gassing. The cells were fed every 48 hours.

Experimental Design

[0119] A fifteen-day animal trial was conducted with two groups of ten animals each. The wound dressings (see below) were changed every third day starting on day 0. Wound area measurements and photographs were obtained on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. Wound fluid collection occurred on days 1 and 4.

[0120] All surgical procedures were performed under sterile conditions inside a laminar flow hood. Five week old, male Nu/J mice (Jackson Labs) were used. Nu/J mice contain a recessive mutation found on chromosome 11 and are athymic (T-cell deficient). The mice have a reduce lymphocyte count comprised almost entirely of B-cells, a normal IgM response to thymus-independence antigens, a poor response thymus antigens, increased macrophage and NK cell activity, and increased susceptibility to infection. NU/J mice do not reject allogeneic and xenogeneic skin and tumor grafts. Wounds in these mice heal poorly.

[0121] The mice were anesthetized with metofane (Mallinckrodt Veterinary) and prepped with ethanol. Using fine surgical scissors, a full thickness surgical wound approximately 98 mm² in area was created on the backs of the mice. The wound dressings (see below) were secured in the cephalad end of the wound with a surgical staple. Thereafter, each mouse was returned to its biohazard containment cage.

[0122] On day 1 and 4, the animals were returned to the laminar flow hood, lightly restrained and wound fluid was aspirated.

[0123] On days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, the animals were returned to the laminar flow hood for removal of the staple and replacement of the bag. The animals were lightly restrained while area and photographic measurements were obtained (described below). The dressing was replaced and secured; all dressing changes were performed using sterile technique without general anesthesia.

Wound Dressing

[0124] The wounds were dressed either with U2OS transfected cells grown on beads or U2OS transfected cells grown on beads in the presence of lug/mL tetracycline for 24 hours (tet on cells) before application. Both groups of cells and beads were enclosed in DELNET™ bags (P530 Natural; AET, Inc.) approximately 23 mm×25 mm. The seams of the bags were prepared with an Impulse heat-sealing unit (American International Electric Co.). Prior to filling and application on the mice, the DELNET™ bags were gas sterilized with ethylene oxide and placed in a sterile package. Tegaderm™ (3M Healthcare) covered the DELNET™ bags, a BANDAID™ (3M Healthcare) covered both and was secured with surgical staples (Richard-Allen, Inc.) in half of the mice. The tegaderm adhered to the skin of the mouse, the bag and the bandaid were stapled to the mouse. The remaining mice did not have Tegaderm covering the bag and wound.

[0125] The bag and bead assembly was performed in a tissue culture hood. Inside the laminar flow hood, the U2OS/bead suspensions were transferred to the DELNET™ bag with a sterile glass pipet. Approximately 250 μL of the U2OS/bead suspension (with or without tetracycline exposure) was placed in the bag. After the beads were loaded into the bag, the final seam was made with an Impulse heat-sealer. The DELNET™ bag containing the U2OS/bead suspension was referred to as “TET-Off cells,” while the DELNET™ bag with the suspension that was incubated 24 hours with tetracycline is referred to as “TET-On cells.” The TET-Off cells were place in DMEM medium while the TET-On cells were place in DMEM medium with 1 μL/mL tetracycline after they were loaded and heat-sealed.

Measurement of Wound Area

[0126] Total area of mouse wounds was performed as previously described [Schwarz et al., Wound Repair and Regeneration 3:204-212 (1995)]. Briefly, the area of the wound was traced on transparency film (Apollo, Ronkonkoma, N.Y.) with an ultra fine tip marker. The transparency film was photocopied onto plain paper and subsequently scanned into a bitmap file using the HP ScanJet 4c (Hewlett Packard, Boise, Ind.). Tissue area was calculated with non-rectangular area analysis used by ImagePC (Scion Corp., Frederick, Md.) and the data was expressed as millimeters squared. Mean and standard deviation were calculated using SigmaStat software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.). A statistically significant difference was considered as p<0.05.

Measurement of EGF Concentration

[0127] Wound fluid was collected 24 hours after the bead bag dressing was applied. Sterile saline (200 μL) was injected into the wound dressing to facilitate in collecting any fluid that had collected overnight. A syringe with a 24 gauge needle was used to collect the wound fluid. The wound fluid was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored until time of analysis.

[0128] The wells of a 96 well titer plate was coated with 125 ng of anti-EGF monoclonal antibody. The wound fluid was added to the wells and adjusted to 200 μL (total volume) with growth medium. The reaction was carried out at 4° C. for 18 hours. The plate was then washed with PBS then 75 ng of anti-EGF polyclonal antibody was added and incubated for 3 hours. The plate was washed again with PBS, 1:3000 dilution of HRP-Goat anti-rabbit antibody was added and incubated for 1.5 hours. The plate was washed with PBS then the Bio-Rad HRP assay was run.

[0129] B. Experimental Results

[0130] Table 8 presents wound tissue area (mm²) at baseline (day 0) and at days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 for each mouse that received bags containing U2OS transfected cells (TET-Off cells) and U2OS transfected cells exposed to tetracycline (TET-On cells); the reduction in size of the wound as a percentage of the original wound size for each mouse is also set forth.

[0131] Table 9 presents the cumulative data for i) the TET-Off mice and ii) the TET-On mice.

[0132] As indicated by the data in Tables 8-9, the TET-On cells with Tegaderm™ showed a statistically significant difference in wound healing (i.e., a reduction in wound area) at day 3 compared to TET-Off cells (see Table 9, p<0.001). At day 6, the TET-On cells with Tegaderm™ treated mouse wounds had a significant reduction in wound area compared to the TET-Off cells (Table 8), as indicated by the significance level (p<0.001) in Table 9. At day 9, there was no significance in wound healing between the two groups (see Table 9, p<0.02). However, at day 12, there was again a statistically significant reduction in wound area in the TET-On group compared to the TET-Off group (Table 8) (see Table 9, p<0.05).

[0133] The experiments of this example show the U2OS transfected cells, exposed to tetracycline, grown on macroporous microcarriers (TET-On cells) promote wound healing. The mouse model is predicative that TET-On transfected cells grown on macroporous microcarriers contained in bags will enhance wound healing in humans. Optimal conditions for this experiment to work was a consistantly moist enviroment.

[0134] Table 10 shows the values of EGF that were in the wound fluid on day 1 and day 4. These results were obtain 24 hours after application of the dressings. EGF was measurable in cells that had been treated with tetracycline (TET-On cells) while none was detectable in the non- treated cells (TET-Off cells). Table 11 show the EGF results compared to the wound size over five days.

[0135] Although expression of EGF was under regulatory control by tet, it will be appreciated that any regulatory system (or nonregulatory system) may be employed. In addition, physical removal of the enclosure may also be used to “regulate” the amount of cell factors or proteins of interest delivered to a target site. TABLE 8 Cells/Beads only mouse 1 mouse 2 mouse 3 mouse 4 mouse 5 Day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 72.33 68 128 113.33 113.33 3 84.44 0 63.56 7 105.78 17 65.44 42 65.44 0 6 63.89 12 42.67 37 88 31 54 52 54 39 9 17.33 76 13 81 31.78 75 18 84 18 56 12 24.89 66 6 91 17.78 86 10 91 10 89 15 3.89 95 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 Cells/Beads with Tegaderm ID mouse 6 mouse 7 mouse 8 mouse 9 mouse 10 (day) mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 109.56 108.63 78 99.56 120 3 159 0 145 0 156.44 0 177.22 0 133.78 0 6 122.67 0 116 0 77 1 136.89 0 107.56 10 9 38.89 65 39.11 64 45 42 80 20 35 71 12 36.67 67 32.11 70 8 90 20.44 79 0 100 15 7.78 93 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 TET “on” Cells/Beads ID mouse 11 mouse 12 mouse 13 mouse 14 mouse 15 (day) mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 66.58 159.18 95.66 70.89 61.11 3 114.41 0 172.58 0 75 22 86.33 0 52.78 14 6 81.38 0 94.9 40 65.43 32 46.22 35 48.89 20 9 15.31 77 47.7 70 19.64 79 20.78 71 43.44 29 12 0 100 23.85 85 3.83 96 10.67 85 3.33 95 15 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 TET “on” Cells/Beads with Tegaderm ID mouse 16 mouse 17 mouse 18 mouse 19 mouse 20 (day) mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 68.88 89.29 134.44 64.44 106.78 3 26.79 61 30.61 66 26.53 80 17.11 73 22.44 79 6 11.48 83 31.51 65 12.5 91 7.78 88 3.89 96 9 2.68 96 died 6.25 95 0 100 0 100 12 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 15 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100

[0136] TABLE 9 Day 0 size (mm²) cells/bag mean 106.1 SD 35.3 cells/bag tegaderm mean 103.1 SD 15.8 tet cells/bag mean 90.7 SD 40.5 tet cells/bag tegaderm mean 92.7 SD 28.8 Day 3 Day 6 Day 9 Day 12 Day 15 with with with with with % smaller bead/bag tegaderm bead/bag tegaderm bead/bag tegaderm bead/bag tegaderm bead/bag tegaderm TET OFF mean 13.2 0 34.2 2.2 74.4 52.4 84.6 81.2 99 98.6 Std Dev 17.5 0 14.5 4.3 10.9 21.1 10.5 13.8 2.2 3.1 significance p < 0.002 p <0.07 TET ON mean 7.2 70 25.4 84.6 765.2 97.8 92.2 100 100 100 Std Dev 10.2 7.2 15.9 11.9 20.5 2.6 6.8 0 0 0 significance p < 0.000 p < 0.000 p < 0.02 p < 0.05

[0137] TABLE 10 well OD Sample Factor EGF TET ID value Result Volume (200 uL TV) (pg/mL) Sample ID status Sept 26 Day 1 A 1 −0.004 0 25 6 off A 2 −0.005 0 40 7 A 3 −0.005 0 30 8 A 4 −0.006 0 25 9 A 5 −0.004 0 25 10 A 6 −0.003 0 5 16 ON A 7 −0.002 0 20 17 A 8 0.003 15.18 25 8 121.44 18 A 9 0.001 11.24 50 4 44.96 19 A 10 0.005 19.03 50 4 76.12 20 Sept 29 Day 4 A 11 0 9.23 50 4 36.92 6 off A 12 −0.003 0 20 7 B 1 −0.008 0 30 8 B 2 0.405 1081.45 20 10 10814.5 17 ON B 3 0.057 112.87 20 10 1128.7 18 B 4 0.19 380.92 20 10 3809.2 19 B 5 0.167 329.18 20 10 3291.8 20 Oct 18 Day 1 B 6 −0.005 0 50 1 off B 7 −0.004 0 100 2 B 8 −0.005 0 100 3 B 9 −0.005 0 10 4 B 10 −0.003 0 100 5 B 11 0.039 80.62 90 2.2 177.36 11 ON B 12 0.203 411.48 200 0 411.48 12 C 1 0.066 129.18 100 2 258.36 13 C 2 0.384 987.3 200 0 987.3 14 C 3 0.048 96.7 200 0 96.7 15 Oct 20 Day 3 C 4 −0.005 0 200 2 off C 5 −0.002 0 200 4 C 6 −0.002 0 50 11 ON C 7 0.059 116.488 200 0 116.48 12 C 8 0.082 158.59 200 0 158.59 13 C 9 0.088 169.79 200 0 169.79 14 C 10 0.026 57.42 200 0 57.42 15

EXAMPLE 4

[0138] The experiments of this example demonstrated that tet-R expressing cell line transfected with hEGF and grown on macroporous microcarrier and contained in a porous enclosure improves healing in surgically created wound in mice.

[0139] A. Experimental Methodology

[0140] The experiments of this example were performed as described in Example 3 with the following exceptions. This was a 12-day animal trial with two groups of ten animals each. The wound dressing was changed every other day starting on day 0. Wound measurements were obtained days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. Wound fluid collection occurred on days 1 and 3. Ten of the mice had their bead/cell bag covered wound enclosed in an occlusive collection system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,757. The remaining 10 mice bead/cell bag covered wounds were enclosed with plastic film (Dow Chemical Co.).

[0141] More specifically, the wounds were dressed with either an occlusive collection system or plastic film to provide better wound healing conditions as shown in Example 3. Covering the wounds in this manner also facilitated in the collection of wound fluid for EGF determinations. The wounds were covered with the bead/bag then the collection system was adhered to the back of the mice and stapled to the skin. A Band-Aid was used to adhere the plastic film to the back of the mice and stapled as in Example 3.

[0142] B. Experimental Results

[0143] Table 12 presents wound tissue area (mm²) at baseline (day 0) and at days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 for each mouse that received bags containing U2OS transfected cells (TET-Off cells) and U2OS transfected cells exposed to tetracycline (TET-On cells); the reduction in size of the wound as a percentage of the original wound size for each mouse is also set forth.

[0144] Table 13 presents the cumulative data for i) the TET-Off mice and ii) the TET-On mice.

[0145] As indicated by the data in Tables 12 and 13, the TET-On cells with the occlusive collection system showed a statistically significant difference in wound healing (i.e., a reduction in wound area) at day 4 compared to the TET-Off cells (see Table 13, p=0.004). At days 6, 8, 10, and 12, the data still showed significance difference in wound healing compared to the TET-Off cells (see Table 13, p<0.014).

[0146] The experiments of this example show the U2OS transfected cells, exposed to tetracycline, grown on macroporous microcarriers (TET-On cells) promote wound healing. The mouse model is predicative that TET-On transfected cells grown on macroporous microcarriers contained in bags will enhance wound healing in humans.

[0147] Table 10 shows the values of EGF that were in the wound fluid on day 1 and day 3. These results were obtain 24 hours after application of the dressings. EGF was measurable in cells that had been treated with tetracycline (TET-On cells) while none was detectable in the non- treated cells (TET-Off cells). Table 14 show the EGF results compared to the wound size over four days. TABLE 11 Wound Measurements EGF Measurements Sept 25 Day 0 Sept 26 Day 1 Wound size TET Off TET On EGF (pg/mL) Mouse TET status mean 103.1 92.7 0 7 off SD 15.8 28.8 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 16 ON 0 17 121.44 18 44.96 19 76.12 20 Sept 28 Day 3 Sept 29 Day 4 % smaller TET Off TET On EGF (pg/mL) Mouse TET status mean 0 70 36.92 6 off SD 0 7.2 0 7 0 8 10814.5 17 On 1128.7 18 3809.2 19 3291.8 20 Oct 1 Day 6 % smaller TET Off TET On mean 2.2 84.6 SD 4.3 11.9

[0148] TABLE 12 cells with Elof bags mouse 1 mouse 2 mouse 3 mouse 4 mouse 5 day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 109.78 120.56 124.67 114.67 134.44 2 106.33 3.14 130 0.00 146.67 0.00 119.39 0.00 130.1 3.23 4 123.33 0.00 112.78 6.45 154 0.00 110.2 3.90 106.76 20.59 6 71.56 34.82 63.56 47.28 130.89 0.00 88.78 22.58 130.48 2.95 8 65.44 40.39 48 60.19 48.89 60.78 36.73 67.97 70.41 47.63 10 53.67 51.11 40 66.82 38 69.52 18.37 83.98 12.5 90.70 12 41.56 62.14 23.33 80.65 8 93.58 16.58 85.54 8.93 93.36 cells with plastic wrap mouse 6 mouse 7 mouse 8 mouse 9 mouse 10 day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 112.37 121.28 149.82 109.63 123.17 2 119.86 0 83.23 31.37 147.44 1.59 127.83 0 127.27 0 4 83.23 25.93 73.84 39.12 91.32 39.05 138.48 0 86.77 29.55 6 89.89 20.01 52.32 56.86 84.78 43.41 85.44 22.07 115.85 5.94 8 34.24 69.53 18.31 84.90 32.34 78.41 47.94 56.27 31.07 74.77 10 17.12 84.76 15.7 87.05 18.31 87.78 26.63 75.71 11.65 90.54 12 15.22 86.46 9.51 92.16 0 100 0 100 0 100 TET on cells with Elof bags mouse 11 mouse 12 mouse 13 mouse 14 mouse 15 day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 124.14 107.02 143.76 62.78 90.25 2 108.2 12.84 119.86 0.00 93.1 35.24 86.21 0 113.2 0 4 20.33 83.62 19.62 81.67 49.23 65.76 65.64 0 27.82 69.17 6 11.89 90.42 0 100 0 100 21.4 65.91 0 100 8 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 10 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 12 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 TET on cells with plastic wrap mouse 16 mouse 17 mouse 18 mouse 19 mouse 20 day mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller mm² % smaller 0 110 148 117.11 139.33 152.11 2 138 0 124.67 15.76 105.78 9.67 122.67 11.96 138.67 8.84 4 72 34.55 44.44 69.97 101.33 13.47 80 42.58 84.33 44.56 6 0 100 13.33 90.99 11.56 90.13 19 86.36 31.11 79.55 8 0 100 5.33 96.40 6.22 94.69 0 100 19.56 87.14 10 0 100 3.33 97.75 5.44 95.35 0 100 39 74.36 12 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 10 93.43

[0149] TABLE 13 Day 2 Day 4 Day 6 Day 8 Day 10 Day 12 TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET TET % smaller Off On Off On Off On Off On Off On Off On Cells with Elof's bag mean 1.2 9.6 6.1 60 21.52 91.2 55.3 100 72.4 100 83 100 Std Dev 1.7 15.3 8.5 34.4 20.3 14.7 11.1 0 15.5 0 12.9 0 significance p = 0.004 p < 0.001 p = 0.014 p = 0.010 p = 0.008 Cells with Plastic Wrap mean 6.5 9.2 26.7 41 29.6 89.4 72.7 77.6 85.1 93.4 95.7 98.6 Std Dev 13.8 5.8 16 20.3 20.2 7.4 10.7 38 5.6 10.8 6.1 2.9 significance p < 0.001 Day 0 size (mm²) cells with Elof bag mean 120.8 SD 9.4 cells with plastic wrap mean 123.2 SD 15.9 TET ON with Elof bag mean 105.5 SD 31.1 TET ON with plastic wrap mean 133.3 SD 18.7

[0150] TABLE 14 Wound Measurements EGF Measurements Oct 17 Day 0 Oct 18 Day 1 Wound Size TET Off TET On EGF (pg/mL) Mouse TET status mean 120.8 105.5 0 1 off SD 9.4 31.1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 177.36 11 ON 411.48 12 258.36 13 987.3 14 96.7 15 Oct 19 Day 2 Oct 20 Day 3 % smaller TET Off TET On EGF (pg/mL) Mouse TET status mean 1.2 9.6 0 2 off Std Dev 1.7 15.3 0 4 0 11 ON 116.48 12 158.59 13 169.79 14 57.42 15 Oct 21 Day 4 % smaller TET Off TET On mean 6.1 60 Std Dev 8.5 34.4

[0151] Based upon the preceding discussion and experimental materials, it should be clear that the present invention provides effective and efficient systems and methods for wound healing, especially healing of chronic wounds. The devices and methods may be used alone or in combination with other means traditionally employed in wound healing.

[0152] All references and patents cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference. 

We claim:
 1. A system for the treatment of wounds, comprising: a) transformed cells on a solid support; b) an enclosure, said enclosure housing said solid support; and c) means for removing said enclosure from a wound.
 2. The system of claim 1 , wherein said solid support comprises beads.
 3. The system of claim 2 , wherein said beads are macroporous.
 4. The system of claim 3 , wherein said beads are polyethylene.
 5. The system of claim 1 , wherein said enclosure comprises a mesh material, having pores.
 6. The system of claim 5 , wherein said mesh material comprises polyethylene.
 7. The system of claim 1 , wherein said enclosure comprises a biocompatible membrane.
 8. The system of claim 1 , wherein said transformed cells are selected from the group consisting of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, melanocytes, smooth muscle cells, fetal fibroblasts, epithelial cells and combinations thereof.
 9. The system of claim 1 , wherein said removal means comprises a string attached to said enclosure.
 10. The system of claim 1 , wherein said transformed cells are cells transfected with a gene encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of EGF, VEGF, FGF, PDGF, IGF, KGF, IFN-α, IFN-δ, MSH, TGF-α, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6.
 11. A method for treating a wound, comprising the step of positioning the system of claim 1 in a wound under conditions such that the healing of the wound is promoted.
 12. A method for treating a wound, comprising: a) providing: i) transformed cells on a solid support, ii) an enclosure comprising mesh material having pores, and iii) a subject having at least one wound; b) placing said transformed cell-containing solid support into said enclosure so as to produce a transformed cell-containing enclosure; c) sealing said enclosure to produce a sealed transformed cell-containing enclosure; d) positioning said sealed transformed cell-containing enclosure in the wound of said subject under conditions such that the healing of the wound is promoted; and e) removing said sealed transformed cell-containing enclosure from said wound after healing is promoted.
 13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said solid support is beads and said beads are mancroporous.
 14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said beads are polyethylene.
 15. The method of claim 13 , wherein said mesh material comprises polyethylene.
 16. The method of claim 13 , wherein said enclosure comprises a biocompatible membrane.
 17. The method of claim 13 , further comprising covering said sealed transformed cell-containing enclosure after positioning in step (c) in said wound with a dressing, and removing said dressing with said sealed transformed cell-containing enclosure in step (c).
 18. The method of claim 12 , wherein said transformed cells are cells transfected with a gene encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of EGF, VEGF, FGF, PDGF, IGF, KGF, IFN-α, IFN-δ, MSH, TGF-α, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6.
 19. The method of claim 12 , wherein said transformed cells are selected from the group consisting of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, melanocytes, smooth muscle cells, fetal fibroblasts, epithelial cells and combinations thereof. 